Match the Characteristics of Literature and Art That Reflect Chivalry and Courtliness

Medieval and Renaissance Literature

Chaucer's Pilgrim

Timeline:

55BC-410: Latin speaking Romans occupy England
450: Romans withdrew from England and Germanic tribes (Angals and Saxons) invade
577: England converts to Christianity
800: Moving ridge of Viking invasions

1006-1087:
k: Approximate year Beowulf was written
1066: Norman invasion of England
1075: Pope Gregory VII declares the supremacy of the church
-King William the Conqueror was in power, died in 1087

1087-1135:
1087-1110: Reign of King William Rufus
1110-1135: Rex Henry I
1099: First Cause

1135-1154:
King Stephen
1147: 2nd Cause

1154-1189:
King Henry II
1170: Thomas Becket murdered in Canterbury Cathedral

1189-1199:
King Richard I
1190: Third cause

1199-1216:
Rex John
1200: Fourth Crusade:
1212: Children's Cause
1215: Magna Carta Signed

1216-1272:
King Henry III
1263-1267: The Barons war

1272-1307:
King Edward I

1337-1453: Hundred Years War

1360-1485:
Chaucer, Piers Plowman, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
One of the offset books printed in England, Monte D'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory
1425: Mystery Plays

1431: Joan of Arc Burned
1432: The Book of Margery Kempe
1475: The Shepard's Play
1485: William Caxton prints offset successful book in England

1486-1575:

1455-1485:
War of the Roses
Everyman
Sir Thomas Wyatt
1485/1509: Accretion of Henry Seven
1517: Start of Reformation

1575-1603
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Philip Sydney
1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada
Christopher Marlowe
Spenser The Faerie Queen

1603-1660
Male monarch James I: get-go of Stuart Kings
Shakespeare: Village
1612: Death of Prince Henry
1616: Decease of Shakespeare
1618: 30 Years War
King Charles I
Shakespeare, plays and sonnets
John Donne Poems
1642: Civil State of war
1648: Second Civil War
1649 Charles I executed
1667 Paradise Lost

Introduction

Medieval Overview

Although there is no official consensus regarding the verbal beginning and stop of the Medieval Catamenia, information technology is near commonly associated with the collapse of the Roman Empire, around the fifth century, and leading upwards all the way to the 15th century, which is widely considered (though the exact kickoff is disputed) the beginning of the Renaissance Flow. This fourth dimension period is commonly known as The Middle Ages was normally regarded by Renaissance thinkers as "The Dark Ages."

On the continent, the development of Medieval literature–stemming from the preservation of culture and heroic adventures within epic poems–is a direct outcome of Charlemagne's desire to educate his people in 800, which was just made possible through an emphasis on the teachings of the Catholic Church building. The Cosmic Church created schools with an intensive curriculum founded upon the teaching of grammar, rhetoric, Latin, astronomy, philosophy and math. Christianity was legalized by the Roman Empire during the Fourth Century, and as a result, education as well as laws were overseen by the Church building. The Church often wielded more than power than the often-weak feudal monarchies that characterized medieval gild.

In the 12th Century, there arose a strong presence of chivalry in Medieval society which quickly inhabited the literature of the time; the chivalric lawmaking was a moral lawmaking, or rather, a code of carry bound to duty, honor, and justice. Reflected within the texts of the time–the means in which characters are afflicted by loyalty, duty, and accolade–the chivalric code was both a necessary platform for knighthood and good moral standing. The presence of chivalry in Medieval Culture is exemplified in the representation of a simply and moral knight facing temptation and disharmonize in Sir Gawain and the Light-green Knight. As a upshot of the presence of chivalry, courtly dearest gave rise to an increased production and contemplation of romantic prose. While the press press was invented in the Fifteenth Century, its impact was not fully achieved until the Renaissance. citations?

The Middles Ages can exist split upward into iii periods: the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Eye Ages.
The Early Heart Ages typically signify the begging of the Medieval Era with the fall of Rome and go along until sometime in the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded England around 450 and they had a vast affect on literature. The language of theseinvaders is classified as Old English and is widely represented in Anglo-Saxon verse (UMASS). Former English poetry was passed down orally earlier it was written. The earliest written example is establish in the writing of Bede and his poem Caedmon's Hymn. The Anglo–Saxon's helped further spread Christianity past adapting to it; notwithstanding, Anglo-Saxon verse contains a thematic "heroic lawmaking" which blends with and sometimes contradicts Christian ethics. The "heroic lawmaking" places value on kinship, and emphasizes duty and vengeance for one'south lord (Norton). One of the most popular Quondam English language ballsy poems is Beowulf, which follows suit of its relative Germanic literature with its heroic and Christian themes.
The High Center Ages are thought to have begun around The Norman Invasion. Linguistically, this era brought most the transition from Old

The final page in Caxton's impress of Morte Darthur. Paradigm courtesy of The British Library.

English to Middle English language, feudalism, and the Medieval "romance" which came from the French speaking Anglo-Normans. Romances characteristically circumduct around similar themes of members of the lower nobility trying to rise in status, the young entering machismo and their fears, and individuals being cast out of lodge and returning as part of a stronger unit. Thursday
e most pop romantic figure of this time is the character of Rex Arthur who arose in the 13th century. The Arthurian romance contains the chivalric lawmaking, involving knights, risk, and honor (LordsandLadies.org). Other pop romances of this time include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Geoffrey Chaucer'southward The Canterbury Tales, and William Langland's Piers Plowman.
The Late Eye Ages marking the finish of the Medieval era, which is estimated to have ended effectually 1485, the year Henry VII ascended to the throne, and the
Tudor dynasty began. This era contained the Hundred Years State of war, which concluded in 1453, and the Black Decease, which eliminated well-nigh ane-third of Europe's population. In 1485, William Caxton introduced England to the art of printing books, when he published Sir Thomas Malory's Morte D' Arthur (Norton).

Role of Religion

A medieval church in Rome.
Image courtesy of:
http://cameronkirwan.wordpress.com/2012/12/

According to the History Learning Cite, the Church building was absolutely the most of import part of medieval society. "The Church building dominated everybody's lives." The only religion that existed was Christianity. All medieval people, regardless of their social rank, believed in God, Sky, and Hel fifty, notwithstanding it was strongly believed that the only fashion they could get to Heaven is if the Roman Cosmic Church building allowed them. Similar to today, Hell was depicted as every person's worst nightmare, and Sky was eternal paradise.
There are many reasons that the Church was and then ascendant during medieval times, but a master reason is its extreme wealthiness. The Church made money any way they could, but they made bulk of their money through tithes. A tithe is a tax that is 1 tenth of a persons yearly earnings or goods that had to exist given to the Church. Peasants manifestly found it very difficult to pay tithes because they accept trouble making fifty-fifty enough money for themselves, so they had to pay with seeds or grain. It was not an option to not pay a tithe because it was told that the punishment of not paying a tithe would result in eternal damnation. Other ways the Church became so wealthy was their constant charges for receiving sacraments. If one wanted to be baptized, married, or cached at that place was a charge, and someone becoming baptized and being buried on Holy Ground was some other mode to go to Sky. Marriage was very unlike in the medieval ages. Married couples were not allowed to live together considering it was viewed as a sin. With all of this income from basically every person in order the
Church building was extremely well-off, and to keep the Church building as wealthy as possible they did not have to pay any taxes. It is said that The Church was wealthier than any male monarch in the world during this time flow, and they saved about of their money. Nonetheless, the money that they did spend was on their structures such as churches or cathedrals. http://www.historylearningsite.co.united kingdom/medieval_church.htm

The actual construction of the Church building was the heart of all community activities. People would perform plays and there were e'er markets held outside of the Church. The Church was viewed as having the answers to everything and annihilation that would happen, especially when something bad happened. If there was a bad storm or an outbreak of disease, the church building was supposed to know why. The linguistic communication of the Church, Latin, was the only common language spoken in all of Europe. Anyone who did not know Latin would non be able to communicate. This just proves how important the Church truly was. They determined the linguistic communication of an unabridged continent. The Church building held entirely all of the power in medieval times, and was very well-respected.
http://world wide web.dcts.org/academics/documents/RomanCatholicChurchinMedievalEurope.pdf

Literary Genres in the Medieval Period (fifth-15th Centuries)

Most scholars associate the start of the medieval period with the fall of the Roman Empire in 410AD. After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England.
http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/literarygenres.htm

Onetime English Menstruation

Oral Poetry: There are not many recorded works from the Erstwhile English Period primarily because of the scarcity of people who were literate (mostly limited to clergy members). Oral verse mainly carried Christian themes (since nada was written downwards until there was heavy Christian influence we do non know if these religious undertones were function of the original work), and often centered on the adventures of great heroic figures. It was passed down over generations, which caused information technology to be continuously changed with each retelling. We may never know many great works of oral poesy, nevertheless, it played a big role in impacting later on written works. Nearly of Old English language Poetry is contained in just four manuscripts, for case, "The Wanderer."
http://www.uncp.edu/dwelling/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htm

Oral poetry was commonly accompanied by the music of a harp. Image Courtesy of: http://cafe.themarker.com/paradigm/1676379/

Early Eye English Period

Germanic Heroic Poesy: It started out being performed orally in alliterative verse simply was subsequently written downward by scholars or clergymen. Oftentimes it was used to describe current events, and touched on themes, which invoke the aboriginal lawmaking of laurels that obliges a warrior to avenge his slain lord or dice beside him. They show the aristocratic heroic and kinship values of Germanic society that continued to inspire both clergy and laity. The effect of language in Germanic Heroic Verse and Quondam English Poesy was to formalize and drag speech.

Anglo Saxon Literature:
Elegy: Information technology is typically mournful or sad. It can exist in the form of a funeral song o a lament for the dead. For case: "The Wanderer"

Middle English language Literature:
Romance, Courtly Romance: This was the most popular genre in the Middle English language period; it had a particular story structure that depicted the integration, disintegration, and reintegration of a central hero. Usually the hero underwent a examination or challenge that alienated them from social club. Information technology is outside the earth of every day experience or unnatural/magical. Information technology was the principal narrative genre for late medieval readers and centrally concerned with dearest simply it adult ways of representing psychological interiority with great subtlety. Though they began in France, their transition into English language literature came about from simplified and translated versions of the original French works. Often, Romances, whether written for aristocratic audiences or lower class audiences, had to do with a knight attempting to win the love of a woman of much higher class, by showing the depth of his character through acts of morality, nobility, and bravery.
– A sub-genre of the romance was the Arth urian Legend: Stories that told about the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.
– For example: Sir Gawain and the Dark-green Knight

https://www.britannica.com/shakespeare/article-12775

King Arthur and his knights of the round tabular array. Image Courtesy of: http://merryfarmer.net/tag/arthurian-legend/

Allegory: An extended metaphor—where something is continuing for something else. It is a delineation of a mutual theme. An allegory tells a story that has characters, setting, and other symbols that serve both a literal and figurative purpose and point out a theme near human life. For Case, Piers Plowman or Everyman

Estates Satire: Represents the three estates, the clergy, the nobility, and anybody else. It satirizes society with the purpose of presenting the flaws of something in an exaggerated way with the intent of drawing attention to create a solution for it. It examines society by groups based on form, occupation, function, status and other designations. For Example: The Canterbury Tales

Middle English lyrics: A blazon of secular poesy. They were more often than not dear poems although some were well-nigh social satire or the commemoration of earth and humanity; they were very passionate and not most God. The lyrics do not tell a long story (non an ballsy, odyssey, ballad) but rather about a single thought or epitome. They accept a very gimmicky rhyme scheme and subject matter.

Autobiography: Just as autobiographies today tell the story of a person's life through their point of view, early autobiographies did the aforementioned matter. They generally depicted the trials and triumphs of a person's life and their internal thoughts nearly the matter. The first autobiography was The Book of Margery Kempe.

Drama: For the most part, drama rose to popularity in the later medieval menstruum (1000-1500). Early dramas were typically very religious in theme, staging and tradition. Performance of plays outside of the church became popular around the 12th century when they became more than widely attainable to the general population. Plays were unremarkably performed by a professional acting company that traveled from town to town on wagons and moving stages. Most theater companies were exclusively male. The Second Shepherds' Play

Morality Play: A type of drama that emerged around 1400 and became increasingly popular through out the century. They taught lessons about morality and human nature and used allegorical characters to portray the struggle that a person goes through to accomplish salvation and the forces of expert and evil. A morality tale could have had either a serious or a comic plot.
– The Cock and the Fox, Everyman
http://www.essential-humanities.internet/western-art/literature/medieval/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Morality+tale

Delineation of a mystery play performance.
Prototype courtesy of http://www.props.eric-hart.com/

Religious Prose: Sought to explain the nifty truths of god, humanity, and the universe through an analysis of Christian beliefs, focuses on sin, penance, and love.
– For Example: Margery Kempe
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English language-literature/12775/Religious-prose

Secular Literature

At that place are few examples of secular work during the Medieval period as a issue of the influence of religion within social club. Secular Poesy was one of the main works of literature at this time. It was full of satire and irony apropos everyday life. The incline of popularity of these secular works led into the Renaissance. An important example of this type of verse is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Secular Medieval literature helped create a pathway for hereafter authors in the Renaissance.

The Canterbury Tales is one of the most well known secular works from the Medieval period. Rather than focus on the Church and faith, The Canterbury Tales looks instead at other common ideas of the time, such every bit courtliness and company. This courtliness, or courtly love, could be constitute in many poems and other pieces of literature during this time period. Courtly beloved is when a woman is treated with utmost respect, care, and dearest from a knight. He will practice anything to brand her happy, and her happiness and honey in plough makes the knight stronger and more than respected. In The Canterbury Tales, courtly love can exist constitute in the Knight's Tale, a story nearly ii knights who autumn in love with the aforementioned woman and must choose to honor either the code of courtly dearest or the code of chivalry. The theme of company is also present throughout the unabridged poem. It is clear in that the pilgrims are traveling together and sharing each other'southward visitor by learning nigh 1 another and sharing stories. Below is a link to an animated version of The Knight's Tale. Other themes common in Medieval secular poetry are bound, dearest, and politics. Many other satirized the community.
http://world wide web.youtube.com/watch?v=deRyhTuny3w

Geoffrey Chaucer
Image Courtesy of
http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/chaucer.htm
.
Equally the Renaissance began to ascension throughout Europe, secularism and humanism became increasingly popular. This time brought on "the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and in a higher place all the intensified assertion of personal independence and individual expression" (cite). Instead of focusing on the afterlife, people began focus on their current place in life. They looked towards themselves and who they were as private people instead of solely people of God. This time in history can exist seen as the offset of the plough to reason and the loss of faith. Similar to secular literature of the Medieval period, secular literature of the Renaissance focused on worldly things, such as jump and dearest. The reason office of this literary period inspired essays on man characteristics and politics, with Francis Bacon beingness ane of the most writers of these types of essays.

Women in the Literature

Throughout the Medieval period, women were viewed every bit second class citizens, and their needs ever were an afterthought. They were either held to be completely deceitful, sexual, innocent or incompetent. Therefore, women were mostly withheld from positions of ability or speaking their voice; males made decisions for them and their lives were dictated by the men that ran the guild. Despite their lack of validation and suppression, however, women in Medieval literature were certainly nowadays in many works and in various forms. Some tropes feed into the idea that women are subservient and junior to men such every bit the Virgin, which portrays females every bit passive and weak, or the mother whose very life circles around making a improve life for her family and especially for her husband, or even the whore who has no ability in her sexuality and must give it away for the well being of her family or the men in club. However, at that place are some archetypes that suspension this bike similar the Trickster or Witch who break the social norms and stand out, displaying qualities of cunning intelligence, intimidation, and ability. The sections beneath will dive deeper into the disparity betwixt how women were viewed in Medieval guild and how they were portrayed in the literature of the time.

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Introduction to the Renaissance

As a whole, the Renaissance encompasses an incredibly large rebirth of knowledge and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century. By the Sixteenth Century, Renaissance thinking spread from Italy, reaching n towards England. The advances in noesis which identify the shift from Medieval Literature to Renaissance Literature were dependent upon a return to classical thought inside the literature and philosophies of antiquity. This return to classical ideas and worldview gave rising to Humanism, which asserted the value of man, his dignity, and his lack of limitations. As a result, at that place was a shift in emphasis from the contemplative life of the Medieval man to the involved life of the Renaissance man: well-rounded, active, and involved with the world around him. Most notably, Humanists provided society with a pervasive and overarching sense of humanity.

Renaissance Literature likewise mimicked changes in culture; turning away from primarily religious thinking and placing importance on classical thought, Renaissance thinkers conjured new philosophies from the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Sexual honey was seen as the presence of spiritual bonds in literature, arising from new found knowledge of Ideal dear. Some Neoplatonists believed there to be a link between attaining knowledge (as knowledge of science was seen every bit factual representations or understanding of the world) and relationship with God or the Divine. Commendation?

This shift in governing thought process led to a new world view which negated the cosmic worldview present in Medieval Literature. While Renaissance thinkers would avert drawing comparisons between themselves and the thinkers of the Middle Ages–"According to them, the Centre Ages were fix in the "middle" of two much more valuable historical periods, antiquity and their ain."–similarities between the two are ever-present, specifically in regards to the remnants of Medieval worldview which extend its belief of The Great Chain of Being deep into Renaissance culture and literature. Citation The exaltation of man's power propagated by Humanism, created discomfort and confusion in light of The Slap-up Chain of Being. Since man'due south agency was believed to be limitless, his place inside The Cracking Chain of Being was complicated. This struggle of man aspiration inside a world yet governed by The Dandy Chain of Beingness is depicted within Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus.

In the Sixteenth Century, equally a event of systemic corruption within the Church (e.g., simony and the selling of indulgences), protestants desired reformation of the Church. The Protestant Reformation, which the move came to be, left Europe no longer united; the religious criticisms of Martin Luther fragmented the Church building before long–later on gaining him excommunication from the Church–and gave rise to Henry Viii's political separation of the Church of England from Rome. Through the rejection of the Church, the Reformation placed importance on the role of the individual, in that potency of religious teaching was reliant upon the text rather than the institution. With that beingness said, the renewed involvement in the Bible a piece of literature led to its unforeseeable influence in modern literature, where Biblical allusions and symbols were experimented with; this influence is visible in the works of John Donne (Holy Sonnets), John Milton (Paradise Lost), and Andrew Marvell ("The Garden").

The spread of literacy and knowledge throughout this menstruation was greatly influenced by the invention of Gutenburg's printing press, which slowly fabricated the majority of literature more than widely accessible.

Secular Works of The Renaissance

The Renaissance saw the stop of feudal dominion, and made efforts to establish a central government. This new prominence of politics–the rise and fall of kings–framed the narrative for many of Shakespeare'south plays, as well as Machiavelli'south The Prince, a treatise on proper governing practices–all of which tend to hinge upon ruthless dominion.

Women'southward Role During The Renaissance Flow

For the most role, women remained still remained somewhat suppressed in this time menses. The fact that the new ruler was in fact, Queen Elizabeth, was upsetting to many.

"Many men seem to have regarded the capacity for rational thought every bit exclusively male; women, they assumed, were led only by their passions. While gentlemen mastered the arts of rhetoric and warfare, gentlewomen were expected to display the virtues of silence and good housekeeping. Among upper-grade males, the will to boss others was adequate and indeed admired; the same will in women was condemned as a grotesque and unsafe aberration." (The Norton Album: English language Literature: The Sixteenth Century/The Early on Seventeenth Century, Book B)

Women too lacked the ability to nourish schools and universities likewise. Although because of the importance of reading scripture in the Protestant religion, women's literacy did somewhat improve, yet the ability to write was incredibly rare. Therefore, whatsoever works produced past women at this time are very scarce.

Portrait of Queen Elizabeth
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia

The Function of Organized religion During The Renaissance Period

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Catholicism notwithstanding reigned as the primary religion in England. It notwithstanding dictated near every important decision in a person'due south life, and because almost religious literature, most notably the Bible, was printed in Latin, the clergy members held a keen deal of power considering of their literacy to translate these works. However, Martin Luther, a key effigy in the massive shift in religious culture known as "The Reformation", began to question the ideas of the Roman Catholic Church. This thought apace caught on, partly due to the power to widely distribute textile through the printing press, and spread similar wildfire throughout Europe. Although the fierce shift between Catholicism and Protestantism continued for several years, Queen Elizabeth somewhen lead in a new era for England with her acceptance of the Protestant religion. The issue on literature at this time menses was profound, because when Catholicism was ascendant, Protestant works remained hole-and-corner, and vice versa for periods of Protestantism besides.

Some of the most notable authors and poets of the time include Edmund Spenser, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sydney, Ben Jonson, Aemilia Lanyer, Robert Greene, and, of course, William Shakespeare.

Literary and Cultural Contexts

Medieval Drama: Mystery and Morality Plays

The Elizabethan Theatre

The Evolution of the Volume in Medieval and Renaissance Social club

The Reformation and British Lodge

The Elizabethan Sonnet Sequence

The Medieval University

Literary Consciousness in Medieval and Renaissance Literature

Authors

John Donne
George Herbert
Richard Lovelace
Christopher Marlowe
Andrew Marvell
John Milton
Sir Philip Sidney
Edmund Spenser
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder

References

The American Heritage English Dictionary. "Morality Play." The Free Online Lexicon. Houghtan Mifflin Company, 2009. Web. December v, 2013. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Morality+tale>.

The British Library Digitized Manuscripts. Morte Darthur.
http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/eleven/rediscovering-malory-digitising-the-morte-darthur.html

Baker, Peter. "English Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., April 26, 2012. Web. December 5, 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature/12775/Religious-prose>.

"The Canterbury Tales: The Knight'southward Tale" Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. northward.d. Web. 7 Dec 2013 <http://www.shmoop.com/knights-tale/>.

Chaucer's Pilgrim. From the Ellesmere Manuscript. Wikimedia Commons.
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/files//2018/06/FileChaucer_ellesmere.jpg

"English Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Shakespeare. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. December 5, 2013. <https://www.britannica.com/shakespeare/article-12775>.

Fletcher, Humphrey. "Medieval Literature." Essential Humanities. 2008. Web. December 5, 2013. <http://world wide web.essential-humanities.net/western-fine art/literature/medieval/>.

"Introduction to the Renaissance." Introduction to the Renaissance. North.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2012.

Kreis, Steven. "Renaissance Humanism." The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. The History Guide, 13 Apr 2012. Web. 7 Dec 2013. <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html>.

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St. Thomas University. "Medieval Literary Genres." Medieval Literary Genres. 2003. Web. December v, 2013. <http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/literarygenres.htm>.

Smith, Nicole. "Representations of Women in Medieval Literature." Article Myriad. N.p., half dozen Dec. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2012.
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"History Alive! The Medieval World." The Role of the Church in Medieval Europe. North.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.
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Source: https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/medieval-and-renaissance-literature/

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